Abstract

The study analyses the relationship between TVET enrolment and economic outcomes in India: employment, output and capital formation using data from 1993 to 2025. It estimates the impact of TVET on economic efficiency. The analysis of the changing patterns shows that all the variables have large increasing tendencies. A tough econometric test was applied to the wrong conclusion . The results of the unit root test show that all variables are I(1) while the Johansen and ARDL bounds tests confirm that there is long-run cointegration between TVET enrolment and economic performance. The error-correction coefficients indicate positive long-run coefficients and strong short-run adjustments to equilibrium. Our findings are consistent with Granger causality studies of TVET causing employment, capital formation and production. Robustness of the findings is confirmed by further sensitivity checks and models with macroeconomic controls. The research overall concludes vocational education is a way to enhance human capital and boost productivity to contribute to India’s long-term economic growth.